Saturday, November 30, 2019

Judaism and Hellenism free essay sample

In the Mediterranean and Middle East before the Common Era stood two cultures deep in their ways of living. The Greeks and Jews both held rich traditions and with their collision after the expansion of Alexander the Great’s Empire, change was on its way. For the Jews, this was a familiar sight, since they were conquered and ruled by the Egyptians and Babylonians before. These Greek and Macedonian rulers held lands far vaster than any other ruler before this time. The Jewish lands along the Eastern Mediterranean were a small nation and the Hellenistic world views held a significant impact on a people secure in their beliefs. The Jews of this time kept their identity while at the same time assimilating to a changing world. Hellenistic changes in Judaism appeared in all the key cities within the Middle East. Cities such as Alexandria, Babylon, Antioch, Ephesus, and Jerusalem held a tremendous difference in Hellenistic Judaism practices at this time. We will write a custom essay sample on Judaism and Hellenism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Assimilation did not occur within a day or a summer though but thru generations. For example, a Jew in the next generation Hellenized Palestine might see himself speaking Greek and thus practicing more pagan rituals. For these people assimilation did not seem so radical since it happened extremely slowly over years, but still the Jews kept their identity. The Jews kept their community and culture as one. Jews assimilated to Hellenistic ways in literature, language, historiography, philosophy, art, and religion. They did so to keep up with a changing world where Hellenism was the ascendant position in the known world. To understand Hellenization in the Middle East, one has to go back to the Persian Empire which stood before Alexander’s Empire. The Persian Empire was in place for about two hundred years and had control over a territory that included India, Ethiopia, Turkey, and all of the Middle East. From the Persian Empire, the Israelites in Palestine adopted the language called Hebrew from the Canaanites. This language was used by the Persians for administrative purposes, so the Jews used it. The language became holy. Alexander’s Conquest over the Persian Empire was the beginning of the Hellenistic age. When Alexander died in Babylon in three hundred and twenty three BC his generals separated what was the Persian Empire into two distinct parts. In Egypt, the Ptolemies took charge, and in the east from Syria the Seleucids ruled. The Ptolemies conquered Jerusalem, also known as Palestine during the time, in three hundred and twenty BC and ruled for about a hundred years. Under the Ptolemies, the Jews were not allowed to elect a king, but they still were able to choose a high priest of their own. Palestine itself was the boundary between the Ptolemies and Seleucids. In two hundred and one BC, the Seleucids conquered the Ptolemies and immediately began aggressively Hellenizing the Jews. The Seleucids stayed in power until about one hundred and forty BC when the Maccabees succeeded. Within these two Kingdoms, Greek customs spread far and wide. Trade was in full effect at this time and with it a variety of languages. The Greek language was being used by traders on the Middle Eastern Coast before Alexander even reached the shore. After Alexander’s death, Hellenism took effect on the upper classes in the Middle East. Alexander wanted his fellow Greeks to integrate and marry with the conquered people. He even allowed people of the Middle East to settle back in the home province of Greece and Macedonia. As time passed the Jews learned Greek, and preferred more Hellenistic names. For example, a boy named Joshua might now be Jason, or Mathew would now be Menelaus. Cities names also changed, examples being Akko to Ptolemais and Amorah to Ariopolis. The Jews also built gymnasiums, and participated in Olympic Games. Greek became the administrative language after Alexander. They were exceptionally talented administratively and reached every part of Jewish society. They made sure everybody paid taxes. Some Jews favored Greek education since a lot of the superior quality jobs were held by Greeks. Examples of Greek influence in Jewish writings are in the Qumran and One Enoch. When the Maccabees ruled, Greek was only spoken by the upper class. Jewish scriptures had to be rewritten in Greek for those Jews who could not understand Aramaic. Some Jews chose to admit to Hellenization because of their annoyance with the Persian Empire. The thought that some Jews rationalized this way angered the Maccabees. The Maccabees were more orthodox Jews and were displeased by the Hellenized Jews. In one hundred and seventy three BC, a Jew by name of Jesus or his Greek name Jason became high priest of Jerusalem. His name change was a case of those Jews whom were assimilating to Hellenism. Jason founded a Gymnasium where Jews could go for athletics, for intelligent discussions, and for readings of Greek texts. Two Maccabees openly opposed Jason and his gymnasium. It was the first writings in resistance to Hellenism. Two Maccabees wrote that Hellenism was a new threat to Jewish culture. Previously, alien cultures were perceived as threatening because of the temptation posed by their gods. For Two Maccabees, Hellenism involves a system of values different from orthodox worship, the values associated with the gymnasium. Two Maccabees condemns Jews who adopted these values, even as they remain loyal to Yahweh. Two Maccabees itself shows the effects of Hellenism. Two Maccabees also artfully de-emphasizes the associations of this language with the gymnasium and material culture. For example, the martyrs with their courage are called noble, a term often used in Greek texts. While the category of gentlemanliness, a distinctive Greek value, is applied to aged men who could not possibly participate in the sphere of the Greek gymnasium. Two Maccabees does not simply borrow, but rather transforms Greek customs as it intervenes them with Judaism. With the Maccabees came a revolt against Hellenistic society. They felt as though they were being suppressed religiously. There was a clear line between traditional Jews and the Hellenized ones. Also at this time, the Romans freed Egypt from Hellenized rulers. Anti- Hellenized Jews helped with propaganda such as predictions that this was going to happen. The Maccabees and gospels also showed themselves divided as Hebrews and Greeks. High priest Jason was succeeded by Menelaus in one hundred and one BC. The King of this time was Antiochus IV who persecuted Jewish customs. Antiochus IV after being embarrassed in Egypt came back to Jerusalem to find the city in chaos caused by the different Jewish sects of the city. To regain complete control Antiochus IV went to violent measures against the Jews that were not seen since the Babylonian Exile. While Jerusalem heard a rumor that Antiochus IV was killed in combat, one of the high priests collected an army and attacked the city. The priests name was Jason and once in power got he got rid of Menelaus whom was put in place by Antiochus. When Antiochus IV returned he was enraged and ordered a massacre of many Jews and put Menelaus back as the high priest. Antiochus IV slaughtered many Jews at this time, and also placed laws to help maintain control of them. With the help of Hellenized Jews, it became illegal to do certain Jewish rituals. With Hellenizers and Antiochus IV now in complete ower, he started to shift Jerusalem into a Greek Polis once again. The war between the people started again by a Jewish traditionalist named Mathias Hasmon. The Hasmonaeus were also known as the Maccabees. The man had five male children, headed by Judas Hasmon, whom was also named Judas the Maccabee. The Hasmonaeus then fled town and gained support from villages and created a group of terrorists. They went around killing rich Jews, stealing property, and raiding other villages. In one hundred sixty one BC, the Hasmons signed an alliance with Rome and ten years later the Seleucids abandoned Judah. They were remarkably successful because of the support of the Romans. In one hundred and sixty four BC, the Jews defeated the Greek general Apollonius. At this time, Antiochus IV dies while protecting his territory against the Parthians. After his death, the Hasmoneans were given amnesty, allowed back into the city and their traditions restore. In one hundred and forty two BC, Judah became independent, and Judah Maccabee became the ruler. The holiday of Hanakkah was then established to commemorate the Jews achievement in gaining self-rule. The Hasmoneans took advantage of this and attacked Hellenizers all over the city. However, conditions soon changed when the Hasmonean leaders became corrupt and secular. The kings claimed the high priesthood for themselves, were cruel to their fellow Jews, and expanded the territory for administrative purposes. The Hasmoneans also fell to Hellenization by taking such Greek names as Antiochus, Aristobulus, and Hyrcanus. The Hasmoneans benefited from the fall of the Seleucid Empire. They made their country free and increased their territory. Lysias whom was governor of Syria saw this and rounded up his army and took control over the situation. After, a series of civil wars occurred which were propelled by the Romans. Lysias in fear made another deal with the Hasmoneans and got rid of the high priest. This appears to be an extremely hypocritical situation because the Hasmoneans were doing unto others what they had revolted against. Although Jerusalem was ruled under a tyranny, the city grew considerably in size and population, becoming a center of commerce and religion. Hasmonean Jerusalem lasted only until sixty three BC, when Pompey from the Roman Empire took control of Jerusalem. The decline of the Hasmoneans was the end of Jewish rule, but Jewish pride and desire for freedom continued with struggles against Roman rule. Beginning with a series of Jewish wars with the Roman in the first and second centuries, including the Kitos War, the Great Revolt, and Bar Kokhbas rebellion. Through the rebellions, temporary self-rule was placed, but they eventually fell to the power of Rome. A Roman army under Vespasian and Titus attacked and destroyed Jerusalem, and burned Herods Temple. They then enslaved or killed a large part of the Jewish population. The Romans defeats of the Jewish revolts contributed to the Jewish Diaspora, as many Jews were sold into slavery throughout the empire. Today, we see many signs of Hellenization in the world. For example, the Bible was translated into Greek. We see archaeological evidence today in the Tomb of Absolom (a Jewish burial with inscriptions written in Greek), and in the Sepphoris Mosaic (found in the dining room of a Jewish House). These proofs show that Greek traditions, religion, literature, and many other aspects were incorporated into Jerusalem and Jewish culture. The Jewish culture refashioned its identity over and over again. A prime example would be the Greek intrusion during the Hellenistic period. During these times of change, the Jews kept close to their traditions and identity in an ever changing world.

Monday, November 25, 2019

UFO Exist essays

UFO Exist essays U.F.O., extra terrestrials and aliens do they really exist? Is there a government conspiracy? Why can so many people swear to have been abducted or seen flying saucers and all describe the same thing and be wrong? For many years people have been fascinated with creatures from other planets. Many shows and movies have these types of subjects, such as, ""X-Files,"Men In Black," "Independce Day," "Star Wars," and a classic , "E.T." There have been many sightings, for example, the Roswell incident, over 50 years ago. Little men with a round, bald head, beatty eyes, 3 feet tall, that hover 2 feet above the ground, is the most commonly described alien. Can there really be other beings capable of reaching the planet earth? Many people would say "There are no such things," like Cory stated, because of some insignificant reasons. For example, there is no type of fuel on this planet or is known by humans to have the capabilities of taking something from one galaxy to another, but aliens are not on from the earth and where they come from such a fuel may be readily available for them to use. Many others like to say that U.F.O.s have not been pictured or documented, or that really people are say it is just mearly swamp gas, or possibly a weather balloon. The claims of sightings comes from ordinary people and are in perfect mental health. Mrs. Engler, one of my friends mother, believes she saw a U.F.O. one night, and when she told her husband what she saw, he thought she was crazy. The next morning, however his mind changed when he saw a pictured of what Mrs. Engler was describing. Another excuse some people like to say is that th ese sightings are mearly just hoaxes to occupy the minds of the citizens set up by the government to coverup some other kind of scandal. Realistically, it would be nearly impossible to pull of these kind of stunts for so many years and never get caught. On July 3, 1947, rancher W.W. "Mac" Brazel came ac...

Friday, November 22, 2019

A Life Changing Experience

On the first day of my life, my stomach is already closed and my hair does not seem to be able to do anything. I packed all the pen, paper, notebook and other miscellaneous goods in my brand new blue bag. My mother watched the world wake up while drinking morning tea on the terrace. I put a quick light on my new shoes and checked my hair about three times each time I found a new mistake. My mother shouted at me from the stairs. You miss the bus! Bus. Good Life Change Experience Kim Kelly Manuel American InterContinental University Change Life 2 Abstract This article is an important part of my life, which means the world to me. So I would like to share the experience of marriage and marriage. I will provide information on how I got married today and what I learned from my previous mistakes in my life. And I will also tell us the love for everyone. About a year ago I changed my life, I went to a small town called Kelly in the suburbs of Dublin, Ireland. This is the most beautiful place I have ever seen. This beautiful existence will help me see life from a different perspective. I just want to be happy, thank you for what I have, do not open my thoughts, do not consider it a matter of course, and I would like to love everyone. - Change life's experience to death. For people, this means that many different things may not be considered by some people until it approaches them. I know that I have never thought about this before my father passed away. It made me feel very sad when I heard that my father died for the first time. I am 10 to 11 years old. It is not enough to understand why someone wants their own life. I crashed when it happened. I think that it makes sense to change the viewpoint of a person who has experienced similar things when returning from my experience of changing my life. A new perspective is this: When you change, when you are affected by new places and people, the person you leave home is growing and new as you go out. When you raise your eyes from yourself and your needs, you can see the beauty and differences of the people you love clearly, and you can join a larger story that has been moving around you I can. There is nothing to change this reality, but you need to decide whether you believe this or not, it will play a central role in the way you experience daily life. Military life is a very challenging experience of changing life. This is very challenging for me and changes my life. This is the awakening of my life as my grandparents raised them and they did everything for me. Since I am not an independent person, I have doubts about future changes. However, other studies have shown that partners showing long-term survival (no signs of relapse) of breast, prostate, and colon cancer are found to be in similar health status reported by the general population in the UK Anxiety and depression (Edwards and Clark, 2004). This indicates that psychological distress experienced by a caregiver decreases over time as a close r elative is diagnosed with cancer.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Early Childhood Education Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Early Childhood Education Program - Essay Example Creative Care Preschool is the ideal place for beginning learners. Armed with a sound philosophy, an efficient program and caring and efficient teachers and a conducive learning environment, this is where their bright future begins. Creative Care Preschool aims to reach the highest standards of quality for an early childhood center. It will provide the best developmentally appropriate programs for children aged 1.5 to 6.5 that will help develop children who are confident, others-oriented, creative and competent. The will have honed their skills to enable them to succeed in a globally competitive world. Creative Care Preschool advocates high quality care and education for very young children. It provides children several opportunities to experience learning first hand by themselves, with capable mentors and with their peers. Creative Care Preschool believes that God created each child in a unique and special way thus deserving LOVE and RESPECT. Each child is endowed with gifts, abilities and innately full of potentials, but in the process of â€Å"becoming† according to his own pace, interests and needs. A child learns best when he finds enjoyment in what he is doing, thus learning should be fun. PLAY is the world of children. Learning through play has value and is an effective method of teaching. Through play, a child develops his mental functions as he learns varied concepts, and at the same time he develops body coordination, he learns how to handle emotions, acquires social skills and values as he interacts with other children. All learning acquired by the child is an outcome of interactions between him and his environment (people, ideas and materials). A child is able to learn in an environment where there is freedom of movement and choice; this enables him to be an active participant in his learning as he initiates activities, asks questions, explores, observes, and socializes

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification - Essay Example It is also vital to note that Kinko’s Printing Company has a lot to gain in terms of strengthening its foreign base and expanding the market. The Company should also execute its diversification strategy to acquire more competitive power comparative to their main rivals. The company might also desire to adopt a diversification strategy that is either neutral to value or one that leads to the company’s devaluation. The reason behind this is to neutralize the powers of the rivals in connection to market strength or to minimize the employment risk of the managers within the company. It is vital for Kinko’s Printing Company to consider diversification based on the need to improve the compensation of the managers due to the optimistic relation amid the size of the company, compensation and diversification. A Strategy for Diversification of the Company There are various foreign market entry strategies that Kinko’s Printing Company would take into consideration. T he company would opt to have direct exports, indirect exports, contractual agreements, joint venture or having wholly owned subsidiaries in the foreign countries (Ahlstrom & Bruton, 2010). The company could also opt for licensing other businesses in the foreign nations to run a similar business or even use franchising methods. In this case the best entry mode would to have a joint venture. The main objective of this entry strategy is to distribute risk or share the available technology and to mutually conform to the regulations of the government. The joint venture would specifically concentrate on the technological sector or industry. Some of the main products that would be appropriate for the company to diversify would be 3D printing and 2D printing. The company stands to benefit various synergies such as operational and financial strategies on top of the sales synergies and management strategies. Most importantly, in regard to the operational synergies given that the company falls in the technological sector, the emphasis is found on the need to increase the competitive nature and the marketing strength of the products in the industry. There will be shared costs of operation provided there is full government support in the host nation. The Best Foreign Market for the Company The best foreign market the company should consider diversifying its operation through the joint venture would be South Africa. Doing business in South Africa is indeed favorable for technological firms given the numerous incentives provided by the state. A joint venture in South Africa is possible due to the structures laid down by the Department of Trade and Industry and the Economic Development Department and the Industrial Development Corporation (Paul & Kapoor, 2008). There are numerous government incentives inclusive of the tax breaks and grants which are easily manageable. The main objective is to encourage more private sector participation in the increase of the production capaci ty. In particular, the state incentives are majorly split into three classes: capital expenditure incentives given the desire to acquire and uplift the assets of the company with an aim to create or diversify the productive capacity of the business. Besides, the government offers development and research incentives for such companies as Kinko’s Printing Company that would enable the firm to design and improve the latest products and business processes. Last but

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Riordan Process Improvement Plan Essay Example for Free

Riordan Process Improvement Plan Essay Time is always moving forward making it difficult to execute daily processes slowly. Travelling is a daily process that takes much time and resources. Time spent on travelling can be known as waste time as the main goal is to transport from point A to point B without analyzing or performing actions on other tasks. Multitasking is not advisable meaning a high focus should be on the road and other road users plus it is illegal. The process if done as quickly as possible can reduce the cycle time leaving extra time for more profitable processes. The activity to drive from home to office is graphically shown below in the form of a flowchart. Currently time taken to execute the activity is not efficient. Certain processes are occupying heavier proportion from the total cycle time. A process improvement plan is drawn not only to analyze and reduce current time but also not forgetting to achieve a safe trip. Statistical Process Control Data below tabulates five weeks of travelling time from home to office. The next step is to deduce whether the data is efficient by running a test. Statistical process control (SPC) tests random samples from processes to determine the productivity is perfectly efficient (Chase, Jacobs Aquilano, 2006). The test graphically depicts the upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) of each the average mean and average range graphs. Average of time taken and range from each week in combination with the range and average factors are requirements to calculate both limits. Graphs with the limits first, plot the weekly average mean and average range. Observation is made from the graphs to decide on whether or not all sample data is within the control limits. The sample data that either is higher than the UCL or lower than the LCL will be the overuse time. Value of data is not only under observation but also the pattern of the chart is also under monitoring. The pattern of a stable chart is sample data closely plotting around the mean data. Patterns that exhibit an increase toward the UCL or decrease toward the LCL or erratic behavior must undergo investigations (Chase et al., 2006). The both chart depicts that the average of total time and range is within the UCL and LCL. The observation only concludes that the current data is allowable but not perfectly efficient. The pattern of the data in the average mean chart depicts a run of three plots above central line. The practice to avoid the first week’s traffic congestion is to leave from home reaching office exactly at 9.00 a.m. The second and third week changes practice as work is piling up and requires more setup time. The pattern of the data in R chart depicts an increase. The final plot reaches a range nearly to the UCL. The reason is the zero value recording of total cycle time on Monday. Seasonal Factors The data above is in normal tabulation manner meaning no trips involving external variables or environmental factors intervention is taken into consideration. External variables present itself in seasonal or cyclic durations. The latter is easily taken into consideration as the operation time is constant but the former makes it harder to analyze any given length of duration. Seasonal usually associates with duration of the year involving particular activities (Chase et al., 2006). The trip from home to office is  under different seasonal influences. The fasting period of the Muslims is a major influence in the trip. Traffic is much lighter not only for the trip to the office but also from the office especially on the weekends.. Vehicles on the main route and highway are less reducing driving time. The drive is much smoother requiring less petrol eliminating the duration to drive to the petrol station and fill petrol. Holiday’s season is another major influence in the trip. Academic institutes such as schools, colleges and universities are undergoing final examination. Institutes deem holidays reducing the morning. Vehicles belonging to school bus drivers, college or university students and instructors reduce allowing working adults to use the routes and highway freely. The current assumptions are made relying on past personal experience of the last five years. Finally observation relying on past personal experiences has shown that in the initial week traffic is at the highest at peak hours but reduces by the end of the month. Employees tend to stay late at office at the final week of the month mostly because of the need to complete monthly closing reports. Amount of cars reduces as the weeks run in a monthly cycle. Total cycle time needs to be as less and independent as possible. Cycle time that easily reacts under any influences will make decisions harder to conclude as observations are not consistent. Seasonal factor is the adjustable correctional value in a given time series of the season of the year. The table below records the seasonal factor that adjusts the next month’s cycle time to 300 minutes comparing to the current 347.14 minutes. Confidence Intervals Confidence intervals are brackets that the true population occur base on the confidence levels (NIST SEMATECH, n.d., para. 2). 95% is set as the confidence level for the above data. The sample size is below 15 and the chart below depicts the distribution of average mean for the five weeks being normal (University of Phoenix, 2010, Estimation and Confidence Intervals, p. 305). The distribution scale put to use is the t-distribution satisfying the above conditions. The interval that encloses the true population parameter in a 95% confidence level base on the current data is from 61.98% to 79.57%. Conclusion The process undergoing the plan records a nearly stable result from the (SPC) within the control limits, producing seasonal factors for next month forecast and nearly a high confidence interval for its confidence level. The process is still open for modifications as the plan has point out areas for improvements. The SPC pattern’s requires the data to be graphically stable, the average mean are not to be heavily leaning against the seasonal factors and the confidence interval must increase so that the quickest cycle time is achievable. References Chase, R. B., Jacobs, F. R., Aquilano, N. J. (2006). Operations management for competitive advantage (11th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. NIST SEMATECH (n.d.). What are Confidence Intervals? Product and Process Comparisons. Retrieved from http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc14.htm University of Phoenix. (2010). Statistical Techniques. Retrieved August 21, 2010 from University of Phoenix, QNT 561 – Applied Business Research Statistics

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Dracula :: essays research papers

Overview Dracula has appealed to readers for almost a century, at least in part because it deals with one of the great human conflicts: the struggle between good and evil. Stoker acknowledges the complexity of this conflict by showing good characters attracted to evil. For example, Jonathan Harker, the lawyer who journeys to Transylvania, is almost attacked at Dracula's castle by three young female vampires. In fact, he seems to be actually welcoming the attack before it is interrupted by the count. In this scene, as well as others, Stoker suggests that evil, represented by the vampires, is an almost irresistible force which requires great spiritual strength to overcome. It eventually takes the combined forces of a band of men, representing different countries, to defeat the vampiric count. Stoker's novel is a symbolic exploration of a conflict which has long troubled humankind. Dracula also has considerable cultural importance. Stoker was not the first writer to make use of the vampire legend. Throughout the 19th century vampires appeared in a number of works, including Sheridan LeFanu's Carmilla (1872), which Stoker read as a young man. But it is Stoker's version of the vampire legend that has had the most enduring popular appeal and the greatest influence on modern writers and filmmakers. In his book Vampires Unearthed, Martin Riccardo tells the story of a survey taken by Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum to determine the world's "most hated person." Dracula ranked fifth. Clearly, Stoker's creation continues to capture readers' imaginations. SETTING Stoker uses a circular structure for his novel, incorporating two settings. Transylvania is the setting for the beginning and end of the novel, and, since he had never been there, Stoker had to rely on research for his description of the country and its people. The rest of the novel takes place in England, a setting familiar to Stoker and his audience. The novel begins with Jonathan Harker's journey to Transylvania on May 3 of an unspecified year. Harker later states that seven years elapse between the events themselves and his compilation of them, so we may assume that the action of the novel takes place from May to November in 1890. Harker's initial enjoyment of a country filled with wonderful new sights, people, and food contrasts sharply with his apprehension as he approaches the count's castle and his terror when he finally realizes he is Dracula's prisoner. This section, the first four chapters of the novel, has been highly praised for its accurate descriptions of the region and its use of those descriptions to create suspense and terror.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Evaluate the accuracy of “The Clouds” in portraying the political, social, economic and religious life of people in the fifth century BC Athens

Greek theatre has always been a significant constituent in the past and present Athenian society. Fifth Century BC Athenian society proposed numerous playwrights in their festivities honouring the god, Dionysus. Amongst the many crowd favourites was a legend to describe him in the least, Aristophanes. His works of satirical comedy are still celebrated and enjoyed today. One such example of his famous satirical works is â€Å"The Clouds†, written in 423BC. â€Å"The Clouds† is about a father, Strepsiades, who is in debt because of his son's expensive horse hobby. Strepsiades tries to convince his son, Pheidippides, to attend the â€Å"Thinkery† (a school for sophistry), to learn the art of double talk in the hope of outwitting his creditors in court. However, Pheidippides denies his father's request, so instead Strepsiades decides to enrol himself. Strepsiades' attempts to learn sophistry but fails miserably when his old age gets the best of him. Another attempt to encourage his son to enrol becomes successful and Pheidippides learns to double-talk from the teacher Socrates. This is later regretted when, at the climax of the story, Pheidippides uses double-talk to justify him beating his father. Strepsiades, out of anger and rage, then sets fire to the Thinkery. The main theme dealt with in the â€Å"The Clouds† is that of new versus old. Aristophanes challenges the radical thinkers like sophists and the imaginative thinkers like Socrates for oppressing the traditional values held and demoralising the youth. Another theme pertaining to â€Å"the clouds† is the confliction of religion and science. In fifth century BC, around the time when Aristophanes wrote the clouds, the commotion of â€Å"scientific theory† had just begun. With religion prevailing at the time, such atheistic thinking brought about by people like Socrates was firstly unlawful and secondly prone to ridicule by conservative figures such as Aristophanes. â€Å"The Clouds† is rather accurate in depicting Athenian life. However the perception of Socrates evident in the text is not parallel to that of Socrates in real life. Aristophanes, like many, linked Socrates with the rest of the Sophists for the reason that he was a philosophical thinker, that is, he came up with reasoning without relying on faith. However, Socrates, like Aristophanes rejected the ideas of the Sophists. The sophists argued that guiding principles of a society, such as justice and truth, varied according to the needs of men in a particular time and place. In teaching their students, the sophists emphasised the art of argumentative discussion and came to be associated with deceptive and hollow reasoning. This is depicted in the clouds where better argument represents traditional thinking and the worse argument depicts that of the sophists. Despite Aristophanes' rather critical portrayal of Socrates, the description of him as expressed through Pheidippides as † pale-faced charlatans, who haven't any shoes† is actually relatively true. Since Socrates wore simple apparel, and walked barefoot through the streets, his ideas and peculiarity made him an easy subject of derision and he was often thought of as a fraudulent figure. Socrates was also ridiculed for the fact he believed in one intelligent being as the creator of the universe. This went against the religious life of the Athenians. In â€Å"The Clouds†, Poseidon, god of horses is sworn on by Pheidippides and later again by Pasias (one of Strepsiades creditors) who also swears by Hermes and Zeus. These accounts are an accurate reflection the religious beliefs upheld by Athenian society. However, since â€Å"the clouds† is a satirical play, Aristophanes pokes fun at Socrates who is depicted to believe in the â€Å"vortex† as the ruler, not Zeus. This part of the play is not accurate, as it does not hold a factual purpose but rather that of entertainment and humour. Rather than just analysing â€Å"The Clouds† on its plot, a more comprehensive read of the text reveals further details on 5th century Athenian life, all of which are precise in information. For instance, it is apparent in the text that concepts such as creditors, debtors and interest, were already in use at the time. This shows that Athenian society had in place forms of financing that still exist today. Also, there is a clear depiction of the judicial system present at the time. It is evident in the text that when taking a person to court a deposit must be made and if the case was lost the deposit was forfeited. Other instances in which â€Å"The Clouds† has effectively portrayed Athenian life is through their currency, such as drachmas and obols and also in their legal system, when the Better Argument makes reference to the punishment of adultery, this being having a radish shoved up his anus and his pubic hair singed with hot ash. The people of the 5th century BC Athenian society were rather wealthy and could afford slaves. The polarisation of the two classes of people within society is portrayed rather well. This is evident with Strepsiades' servant Xanthias who lives an unpleasant life when compared to Pheidippides who indulges in the costly hobby of buying racehorses. This is further exemplified when Pheidippides mother insists to add -hippos (meaning horse) to Pheidippides name at birth so he could have the marks of the aristocratic classes. In conclusion, â€Å"The Clouds† is a satirical play and should not be taken for face value. However, his portrayal of issues and figures within the society give an accurate insight into some of the beliefs held by the general public and if treated carefully could be considered as reliable historical source. A serious theme underlies this comedy, namely: Ideas espoused by radical thinkers like the sophists and by highly imaginative thinkers like Socrates are undermining traditional values and corrupting the morals of youths. The sophists maintained that the guiding principles of a society, such as justice and truth, were relative concepts-that is, these principles changed according to the needs of men in a particular time and place. What was right and just in Athens was not necessarily right and just in another society. One man's virtue could be another man's vice. In teaching their students, the sophists emphasized the art of argumentative discourse and came to be associated with deceptive and specious reasoning, lampooned effectively in The Clouds. Another target of Aristophanes was Socrates, along with his associate, Chaerephon. Ironically, Socrates, like Aristophanes, renounced the methods and ideas of the sophists. Nevertheless, Socrates angered the establishment (1) by declaring that the validity of many long-standing precepts could not be proved by logical reasoning, (2) by rejecting the Olympian gods and sometimes speaking of a single intelligent being as the creator of the universe, and (3) by spreading â€Å"dangerous† ideas among young people. In addition, he alienated many Athenians because he was ugly and untidy (sometimes neglecting to bathe for a long while), wore simple apparel, and walked barefoot through the streets. Thus, his ideas and eccentricities made him a ripe subject for ridicule.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Telescope

Today, microscopes are of great importance especially on the field of Biological Science. One of its major use is to determine the sizes of microorganisms which are of great importance in understanding certain biological phenomena. Getting the actual size of microscopic objects such as microorganisms using calibrated eyepiece micrometer is termed micrometer (Echoic, et. Al. , 2000). It is important for investigators across a number of disciplines. A biologist, for example, needs to know the exact size of two organisms to provide an intelligent comparison (I. E.Almoner). The intent of this activity is to create an awareness in proper handling techniques ND correct use of a microscope to students pursuing courses in the field of Biological Sciences. This activity is also intended to teach students microscope calibration techniques. II. Materials and Methods To able to obtain the exact measurement of a specimen, the ocular micrometer should be calibrated first. By doing so, the calibrat ion constant (C) is obtained. To get the calibration constant, a stage micrometer, an ocular micrometer and a microscope is used.The ocular micrometer was placed inside the ocular lens of the microscope and the stage micrometer on the stage. The field was adjusted so that a line in the ocular micrometer is superimposing a line in the stage micrometer. Once this was set, the number of divisions in both micrometers from the first superimposing lines to the next line that superimposed was counted. The number of divisions in the stage micrometer was divided by the divisions in the ocular micrometer. The quotient was multiplied by pm.The product obtained was the calibration constant. The calibration constant was determined in each of the objective lenses of the microscope. Once the ocular micrometer was calibrated, the pastimes were viewed and measured. The correct measurement was obtained by counting the ocular micrometer divisions occupied by the specimen and multiplying it by the cali bration constant of the objective lens used. The deviation between the measurement should only appear on the decimal places of the figure. Ill. Results and Discussion Table 1. Calibration Constant Under Different Microscope Objective Lenses Table 1. 0 shows the summary for the computed calibration constant under the high power objective (HOP) and the the low power objective (LOOP). Under the HOP, the umber of divisions in the ocular micrometer between the two superimposing lines is four while on the stage micrometer it is five. Dividing five by four, the value 1. 25 is obtained. This is not yet the calibration constant. The value 1. 25 should be multiplied by Imp to get the C.By doing so, we get 12. Pm as the C under the HOP. For the LOOP the recorded stage micrometer division is five while the ocular micrometer division is fifteen. Dividing five by fifteen we get the value 0. 3333. Multiplying this value by pm, we get a C of 3. Amp under the LOOP. The calibration constant differ en der different magnifications. Table 2. 0 Size Measurement of Amoeba through Calibrated Ocular Micrometer MOD* Size (MOD X ICQ Average Length HOP 61 203. Apron 203. 531 pm LOOP 16. 3 203. PRNG Width 15 49. 995 pm 49. 98 pm 4 pm *OMG)- Ocular Micrometer Divisions Since the ocular micrometer was already calibrated, the exact measurement of the specimen can now be obtained. A prepared slide of Amoeba is used as the first specimen. Two dimensions was measured in the specimen, the length and the width. For the length, the specimen occupies 61 MOD under the HOP and 16. 3 MOD under the LOOP. Multiplying the MOD by the C, we get the exact size of the specimen. Under the HOP, the exact length is 203. Pm while on the LOOP it is 203. Pm. By averaging we get 203. 31 pm as the exact length of the first specimen. Same process was done with the measurement of the width. Under the HOP, 15 MOD was occupied providing a measurement of 49. Pm. For the LOOP, four MOD was occupied providing a measurement of pm. By getting the average we get 49. Pm as the exact width of the specimen. Table 2. 1 Size Measurement of Radiogram through Calibrated Ocular Micrometer 101 336. 663 337. 067 27 337. Apron 6 86. Mom 86. Mom 6. 9 86. PRNG For the second specimen, a prepared slide of Radiogram was used.The measurement procedure was Just the same to that of the Amoeba (specimen 1). For the length, under the HOP, the Radiogram occupies 101 MOD giving a size of 336. Pm. Under the LOOP it occupies 27 MOD equivalent to a size of 337. Pm. By averaging, we get 337. Pm for the length of the specimen. For the width, the specimen occupies 26 MOD under the HOP which is equivalent to 86. Pm. Under the LOOP, 6. 9 MOD was occupied giving a size of 86. Pm. We get 86. Pm for the width of the specimen.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

buy custom Aristotle and the Oedipus Rex Play essay

buy custom Aristotle and the 'Oedipus Rex' Play essay According to Aristotle Oedipus Rexis a tragedy which will fit in what he believed as a tragedy. In the play, Oedipus comes out as version of what one can consider to be a great hero. This can be attributed to the impression that emerges from his personality. Due to hamartia which in English is a mistake, he undergoes aperipeteiawhich is a disaster, to which according to Aristotle, it is the centre or core of the tragedy. Some people in most times translate hamartia as as a serious tragic flaw,but there is no indication the presence of a big fail on the personality with such attributes as lust or pride, but hamartia is seen as mistake that are related to recognition or perception . A lot of scholars have argued of the clear and actual meaning and the true scale of the mistake that was committed. Forperipeteiait can be regarded as a reversal of fortune, this is a repeated happening that occurs when individual are experiencing tragedies as their lives shift from better to worse. According to Aristotle, the reversal that occurs helps in the creation of pity and also fear to the audience who are watchig the play, it plays the key role. This work sin the build up to thecatharsis,which is a popular word which is mostly used in the study and field of literature. catharsis is a term which comes from the religion of the Greek people, the term stands for the ritual purification of the people using rituals and it works in purifying people from pollution which is a crucial way of life in the Greek culture. Miasma or the pollution that people are seeking purification from is brought about by crime in the society in particular murder.Therefore there was need to clean the blood that was spilled during murder and so the act of purification ofmiasmawas wanted and need for proper rituals for this purpose and work. The purification occurred in the place where the said crime was committed and also there was need to purify the person who committed the crime (Anagnostopoulos, 72). It was believed that if a person who has committed murder and run to a new place without purification, the murder will cause pollution in the new environment. This happens to be the actual occurrence at the start of Oedipus Rex where in the play the gods have not yet sent misfortune to the Thebes people since there is Laius who is a known killer in the city also tthe other problem is in the city of Jocasta and also Oedipus. The wordcatharsisis used by Aristotle to mean the suppression of a lot of emotions from an individual. When one watches the tragedy that unravels in the play and also by the feel of the high emotion that makes on to fear and also have pity for the characters who are acting on the play, the audience will experience some sort of soul cleansing (Osborne et al, 185). This plays out the same way the ritual of catharsison the people in the play help the individuals who before we polluted and by the ritual they can once again be accepted in the community without the individual carrying miasma with them. Therefore the metaphoricalcatharsisfor the audience who are watching the play are able to share in the experiences that bind them together closely. Aristotle works in the in assisting to locate the true importance of the self in perception, this he achieves by helping to share perception by helping people to perceive in similar circumstances. This will help the audience to develop an important common bond or identity. Therefore Aristotle, by the individual and communities watching the play it acts as a benefit to all. Buy custom Aristotle and the 'Oedipus Rex' Play essay

Monday, November 4, 2019

Nature in contemporary art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nature in contemporary art - Essay Example The essay "Nature in contemporary art" discusses the concepts and representations of nature in contemporary art. In situations where the form of the earth as life's foundation is laid onto nature, it personalizes truth and validity endangered by technology. As a result, many philosophers have incorporated this firm earthly groundwork as a signal of the roots with which the individual continuously seems to demand. When a polemical analysis was made by Heidegger (already a classic) of the shoes painted by Van Gogh, he was focused to the path below the shoes worn. This is because he thought, the path was taken by a peasant woman in relation to the actual shoes. This translated to the fact that it was a trail of compressed earth, of steadiness with solidity, a path which was not misleading or artificial. A representation of nature exists from where once changes it to a situation where one â€Å"shapes† it. As a result, nature exists as the "raw material" for the land art. This is as illustrated in the works of Richard Long, Walter De Maria, and Robert Smithson. In Smithson's work titled â€Å"Spiral Jetty," nature, the world, the lake and the gravels coupled with the sky are the fashioned material. This can be explained by the fact that it is as if man wanted to channel himself against nature. This circumstances resulted to a change thus realize a beautifulness that appears to be renounced to him in daily life. When Walter De Maria made his â€Å"Lightning Field† statue in the desert, he appeared to be convincing nature. to act in a given way.8 He fails to take an inactive attitude in the company of the elements, resulting to failure to signify. This is because he slightly seeks to feel what is ordinary and lively in them and to make an artistic experience of it. It is important to note that the â€Å"land art† of the 1960s and 1970s seemed to make a new attempt to come to an understanding with nature in a way similar to or at least associated with the approach of prehistoric artists.9 Artistic obligation does not always go the way of the outstanding. Smithson's quay, Long's lines and circles pegged with De Maria's lightning are considerable to the individual expecting them. Turrell's spaces appear to be homes for anybody encircled in them.10 Furthermore, they appear as vantage areas from which one might effectively take ownership of the sky. On the contrary, the wax and coal dust utilized by Eva Lootz, or Adolfo Schlosser's rod branches and skins, are natural and forms the "raw material" for their creative activity.11 As a result, they give a convinced and minimal measure of nature. For example, the breeze that sets in motion a Calder mobile, the paraffin, coal dust or wax lightly gathering on the object or on a flat surface, and the tautness of the frail determined branch constructed into one of Schlosser's pieces.12 It was noted that, in the work of all these artists in the example stated above, apart from underlining itself by its glory and seriousness, nature announces its self-effacing delicateness. With the lapse of time, the relationship between art and nature has determined creative art. This is because the beginning of nature entertained by the numerous human communities strengthened or altered this relationship. Primitive man utilized the natural elements, whereas the romantics fanatically desired to capture a nature that escaped their grasp. Friedrich's traveler staring from patronizing

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Wartime Rape Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wartime Rape - Research Paper Example ence of the victims themselves, if what has been reported is any indication, then the escalation in the number of wartime rapes during 20th century wars alone has increased to appalling proportions. As suggested by data on the wars in France and Germany during the second World War, the number of wartime rapes has increased by up to four times (Morris, 2000) and even a few thousand times over during the wars in Berlin (Brownmiller, 1975). With the number of wartime rape victims reaching to staggering numbers and victims continuing to hold their silence about the atrocities committed to them and most importantly, the derisory serving of justice to perpetrators of these crimes of war, more and more people’s attentions have been captured by the rape of civilians – mostly women and children. Perhaps, what makes the study of wartime rape more remarkable is the number of theories and theses that writers have come up with trying to explain the sexual carnage perpetrated during wars and its physical, emotional and economic consequences (Arcel and Kastrup, 2004). Many authors have offered their own rationalization of the act of wartime rape, but one of the most extensive explanations on the functions of rape was proposed by Seifert (1994) where these were broken down into five possible reasons of wartime sexual violence. Each of them has their own merits points of consideration. Raping the women of the enemy is a natural consequence of war. It is nothing but a part of the unwritten rules of the games of war – to the victor belong the spoils (Askin, 1997). Seifert proposes that war is a seemingly systematic activity with well established set of rules. In times of peaceful existence, sexual violence against women is a criminal offense. When wars broke out, certain conventions such as this no longer applied. Instead, a different set of rules came into play: overpower the enemy, take over their territory and destroy their possessions – including the women they